A possible explanation for this may be that aggressive actions are associated with high costs for females, such as injuries, reduced offspring survival, or even death. Yet, females spend less time displaying aggression than males in a similar context. While female rats do display different patterns of attack than males in the resident intruder test (RIT), they clearly do express aggressive behavior and dominance. However, most preclinical studies that do investigate aggressive behavior in females focus either on solitary species like Syrian hamsters, or on mice and rats protecting offspring, principally ignoring the large fraction of aggressive behaviors outside of the context of offspring protection. Diagnoses for conduct disorders have recently increased significantly in girls, highlighting the need for understanding the underlying mechanisms of female aggression. Yet, a greater percentage of women use more indirect forms of aggression, such as verbal aggression, compared to men. The primary reason for this may be that women are generally less likely to be the perpetrators of physical and sexual aggression. Aggression and aggressive behaviors are traditionally assigned to the male-specific emotional and behavioral repertoire.
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